Designing of research activity of students

By A. V. Leontovich

Educational technology is understood as a way of functional relationships of educational process participants. Many of possible types of relationships are present in any educational process. But in each concrete event some one of them or their group becomes leading. This way, as functional relationship becomes leading, as a form of educational activity transforms in the educational technology. Structure of educational technology possible to be illustrated as follows. Let we have a certain educational task. Its solving reqire a sequence of actions of subject educational process (in methodical, didactic, research and others spheres), which transforms a situation from the condition A to the condition B and ensure a reception of educational result. In the process of completion of actions subjects of educational process became bound up by determined functional relationships. Their specifics and hierarchy defines an educational technology, that determined the educational process.

Consequtive construction in each event of functional relationships on the levels of separate associations, foundings, and whole educational sphere assign an ensemble of educational technologies and corresponding them educational systems, enclosed in the educational sphere and carrying the whole complex of society claiming functions

Educational technology, urgent for the modern stage of development of society, must have the whole complex of functions, which are the most adequately satisfied needs of society (on the one hand, stability and reproduction cultural lifes, on the other hand, the development of new, fashionable, professional perspective and others qualities). This work is denote one of such educational technologies  — research activity of students, analysis determined by this technology functional relationships of educational process participants, and puts a purpose development principle of designing research activity of students in different fields natural and humanitarian sciences in educational foundings different types and their assotiative structures.

Consider main regularities of development of research activity of students. Adduced below determination is formed empirical in the process 5-a year experience of using recearch activity in the Moscow high school № 1333 "Donscaja gymnasia" and Center of youth scientific and tecnology activity.

Recearch activity is understood as activity of students under the direction of the teacher, connected with deciding creative, exploratory problem with beforehand unknown solution (unlike practicum, emploies for illustrations of one or another laws of nature) and expect presence of main stages, typical for the scientific exploration: stating a problem, study of theory, denote given problem, mastering practical method of exploration, obtaining own experemintal material, its analysis and generalization, drawing own conclusions and their comparison with literary data. This way does not depend on the aplication domain, but is general for the approach, which possible define, as a modern scientific way of cognition.

As an example of simple research problem in natural field, which is in practically using for several years, may be adduced a problem of determination of biomass of vegetable communities. In the beginning students are studing notions of vegetable communities and biomasses, theoretical courses, study examples of distinctive dependencies of biomass from soil, landscape and on literary data others. Hereinafter follows a practical mastering a strategy of determination of biomass (measurement of volume of stems of trees, weighting vegetation). Central aim is obtaining of own experimental material in the expedition (is defined biomass for areas with different vegetation, on declivities with the different exposure and so). On this ground are done findings on the nature of dependency of biomass from local factors. Received findings are compare to literary given for vegetable communities of similar natural areas. Similar types of problems may be given in the field of humanitarian sciences (for instance, determination of particularities existance of different genres of folk in the modern village).

Such way of organization of educational process satisfies a notion "technology", as far as is not a new form of realization of known educational schemes and inherent it functional relationships of educational process participants. Research activity of students, alongside with known relationships such as "teacher-pupil" and others, provides some new main specific functions, which becomes leading in this educational technology. Two main from them — "colleague-colleague" and "spiritual mentor — a younger comrade".

Characteristic Of exploratory activity a situation, Research activity of students provides a typical situation when both teacher and student becomes "hand on the hand" against unknown phenomena of nature (unlike the traditional scheme, where student and teacher are divorced on different sides — educate and educate, speaker and listen, inspecting and check), student feels in the teacher comrade, assistant, mentor. Herewith is realizing relationship "colleague-colleague". The most important condition of realization of research activity of students is an individual working teacher with the student in the given aplication domain, connected with mastering a strategy, obtaining of experimental material and its discussion. At this way there appears a very important feature of correlating a of level complication given problem with student�s possibilities, control his own appreciation of his work efforts. Thereby, research activity of students stimulates personal contact of teacher and student. But in the process of personal contact inevitably occurs an output from the field of subject of explorations. As a result there is realizing the second distinctive functional relationship — "spiritual mentor — a younger comrade", by means of which occurs a translation of vallue orientation and moral installation from the teacher to the student, that ensures high breeding effect of research activity.

Another important functional relationships as necessary appears as the research activity of students is developing, are, for instance, such as "scientific-teacher". This functional relationship can interface a school teacher and kurator-scientist from scientific founding, but can localized in one person in that event, if leader of work emerges scientific-researcher. Scientific activity specifics, unlike the teacher, suppose a constant production and decision of new problems. So designing of research activity of students necessary reqiere for scientific-researcher constant advancement onward, stating the new problems during the educational process. Follows to pay attention to relationship "leader-methodist", that is stipulate by specifics of exploratory activity with students, that will be explaned below, and some other more secondary relationships, such as relationships between researchers of different specialization or relationships with the local population, appear in expeditionary conditions.

In the development of research activity of students there are old traditions in Russia. So, in many regions were created and functionned juvenile research societies and small academies of sciences (Novosibirsk, Simpheropol and others.). Activity of many juvenile research societies was quite often reduce to realization in the ambience of students operation models of academic exploratory groups, realization in the simplify type of exploratory problems of research institutes. Main aim of this activity was preparing the applicants for colledges and shaping a young change for research institutes. On the deal this means a realization in the educational process in more individual type in addition introductory aplication domain. In modern conditions, when is actual question on reducing a study load of children, value of term "research activity of students" gains several other values. There decreases a share professional component, factors of scientific novelty of studies, and increases a contents, connected with understanding exploratory activity as an instrument of raising a quality of education. This way emphasize difference of notions scientific-research and study-research activity. In scientific-research activity main aim is a reception objective new knowledges. In the and study-research activity main is an achievement of educational effect by facilities of undertaking a scientific study. Herewith for students the research activity is leading, but for the teacher the design activity is leading (designing the exploratory problems, such, which carry in itself necessary educational potential).

Need of such approach will be assign by specifics of realization of exploratory problems with teenagers. This specifics is defined by such factors, as else nonhigh total educational level, and unabilities to the independent analysis, weak concentration of attention and assiduity, characteristic for a juvenile age. In the school a teacher has a principle other contingent of performers (unlike college or scientific founding, where performers is display in step of entrance exams in the beginning, then in step of work in the concrete lab). So necessary to pawn level differences problems by difficulty, volume of material, kit requiring from the performer of skills. Besides, overweening volume of work and its specialization, which rezult in the narrow aplication domain, are to harm to school education and development of students, which are certainly main task in this age, cause a fall of interest in the problem. So far not each exploratory problem from the science, available with realization in educational institutions. Such problems are to satisfy certain requirements, which make possible install total principles of designing the exploratory problems in different branches of science.

Thereby, the problem of development of research activity of students requires realization design approach to the study activity by the material and with a halp of scientific study facilities. Amongst requirements to research problems, such as insufficiency of volume of experimental data, mathematical device of data processing, insufficiency of intersubject analysis. On degrees of difficulty of analysis experimental data we have separate problems: problems of practicum, exploratory study problems and scientific-research problems.

Problems of practicum serves for illustrations of some phenomena. In this case student changes some parameter (for instance, temperature) and determines connected with this change, for instance, volume. Result is stable and does not require an analysis.

Exploratory problems are a class of problems, which applicable in educational institutions. Here value explorating depends of several uncomplicated factors (for instance, terrain pollution depending of distance before the pipe of factory and wether). Influence of factors under exploration value presents a beautiful object for the analysis, suitable for students.

In scientific problems are present much factors, influence which on explorating values is sufficiently pack. Analysis of such problems requires a wide outlook and scientific intuition and inapplicable in the educational process.

For conduct :research activity of students possible to use a number of different forms of educational activity, herewith they are in different degrees efficient (class occupations, individual consultations, expeditions, seminars and conferences and others.). Hereinafter its in interesting analysis of ways to realization of specific functional relationships of subjects of educational process in research activity of students in different forms of educational activity, as well as structure of abilities of students, most effectively developped by realization of present educational technology.